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Synthesizing hydrophobic peptides is often difficult. Inter-chain hydrogen bonding in the hydrophobic regions causes poor solvation of the peptide chains and slowed reaction rates. Measures to disrupt this hydrogen bonding often significantly improve the purity and... Read more Fmoc-(Fmoc-Hmb)amino acids were introduced in the 1990s to improve synthetic yields of difficult peptides, such as amyloid β, that form aggregates during synthesis. It had been noted that tertiary amide bonds in a peptide sequence prevent interchain hydrogen bonding.... Read more Modifying a peptide to include polyethylene glycol (PEG) groups may improve solubility and bioavailability. Protein PEGylation can protect the protein from proteolytic degradation and increase its half-life in biological applications, decrease its antigenisity or... Read more Pseudoproline dipeptides contain oxazoles formed from serine or threonine. When treated with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), the oxazoles are converted to serine or threonine. The oxazoles have structural similarities to proline, thus they are named pseudoprolines. Like... Read more High performance solid phase peptide synthesis of long or difficult peptides may require the utilization of special coupling reagents for specific residues within the peptide sequence. The Focus XC Series of high performance peptide synthesizers have the capacity and... Read more Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in people aged between 20 and 60 years. After 15 years of having diabetes, 98 percent of patients with Type 1 diabetes and 78 percent of patients with Type 2 diabetes have some degree of retinal damage. A recent... Read more Isoacyl Dipeptides Isoacyl dipeptides are used to prepare depsipeptides in which the peptide chain is attached to the side chain oxygen atom of serine or threonine residues instead of the alpha nitrogen. Depsipeptides are less prone to aggregation than their standard... Read more 
